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Conferring With Young Writers

By Ralph Fletcher, 2025 Conference Presenter

Many teachers are intimidated by the idea of conferring with students on their writing. It feels like a BIG challenge. It’s true that whole books (Carl Anderson, Patrick Allen, and others) have been written on this subject. But it doesn’t have to be a big deal. Here are a few tips for conferring with young writers.  

*Start by listening. Attention is the most precious commodity for any child. Strive to be present for your student. Your body language should tell the student that you’re there for them. Your body language should tell the rest of the class: I’m talking with this student. Don’t distract or interrupt me. 

*Be a reader before you’re a teacher. If you want to affect a young writer, let them see that their writing impacts you. That means reacting in a human way. Laugh if the piece is funny. If it’s sad, let the student know you feel their sadness. 

*Build on praise. You can build strong writers if you do nothing more than listen to their writing and highlight something positive. Even if the overall piece isn’t strong, you can always find a line—even a word—that you can celebrate. 

*Keep writing conferences short. 3-5 minutes. A long leisurely conference is a luxury you can’t afford when you’re trying to respond to a classroom of kids. 

*Invite students to self-evaluate. “How do you think this piece is coming along?” Or: “Is there any part you’re having trouble with?” 

In doing this, you’re teaching students to skillfully reread what they have written. If you anticipate that your students will find this kind of self-evaluation challenging, introduce this idea during a whole class mini-lesson. You can model this process with a piece of your own writing. I often tell students: “I can be a problem-solver in your writing, but it would be helpful if you’re a problem-finder. Read it over and ask yourself: Where does it work well? Where does it need work?”

*Don’t force students to revise. Writing workshop embraces student choice of topic. In a similar way, students should be empowered to decide whether or not they want to revise. Students only have a certain amount of “juice” for any one piece of writing. If a student seems done, don’t belabor it. Let them move on to another piece of writing. 

*Refer to familiar texts. Once student know a particular book, you can refer to that book in a writing conference: “Remember when we read Owl Moon? Remember how the author described the forest at night? I wonder if you could do this in your piece…describing your grandfather’s workshop.” 

*Help students think globally. Writing teachers should always be trying to add to their students’ toolbox. The conference is our opportunity to show students that a particular strategy is not simply good for this piece of writing; it’s something they might use in all their writing. 

*Tell the story of your reading. Sometimes when I’m conferring with a young writer I find myself at a loss for words. I don’t know what to say. When that happens I find it helpful to tell the student the story of my reading. It’s important for students to know what impact their writing has on another reader. Telling the story of my reading might sound something like this:

“I was intrigued by your topic—I used to do a lot of fishing when I was younger. The first few paragraphs grabbed me—all the gear you loaded onto the boat. I could feel a sense of anticipation and excitement. In the middle there was a part where I got lost. All these people came onto the boat. You give us a long list of names. Some of them were your relatives, but I didn’t understand who these others were…” 

When you tell the story of your reading, you’re not telling the student what to do. You are, however, giving them important information about what they might do next with their writing. 

Writing conferences may seem intimidating, but they don’t have to be. A writing conference is a chance for precious one-to-one dialogue with a student. You want to connect with students so they look forward to future conferences. 

Remember that writers break easily. I try to remember something I learned from a gifted teacher: “Be gentle. Tenderness is more important than technique.” 

Ralph Fletcher has published fifty books for writing teachers and young readers. His professional books include Joy Write, What a Writer Needs, Writing Workshop: The Essential Guide, and Focus Lessons: How Photography Enhances the Teaching of Writing. He’s currently working on a book about how kids come to see themselves as writers. Ralph visits schools and speaks at educational conferences around the world, helping teachers find wiser ways of teaching writing. www.ralphfletcherbooks.com

Student Agency: Strategies to Build a Strengths-Based Classroom

By Dr. Towanda Harris, 2025 CCIRA Conference Speaker

Paulo Freire once said, “The teacher is, of course, an artist, but being an artist does not mean that he or she can make the profile and shape the students. What the educator does in teaching is to make it possible for the students to become themselves.” As a little girl, I vividly remember the spaces where I experienced the most joy. I was the youngest of eight children by seven years. My childhood experience sometimes felt like I was an only child. My parents worked hard to surround me with adults and spaces that would help foster my growth and confidence in who I was. The Boys and Girls Club became my space and taught me two valuable life lessons:

  • Lesson #1: If learning doesn’t apply to students’ world, it becomes a compliance experience that stays within the building walls.
  • Lesson #2: Resources mean nothing if the adults aren’t willing to adjust and modify to meet students’ needs and help them reach their goals.

These life lessons have stayed with me throughout my years as an educator. Thinking back to my first year of teaching, I remember the excitement of setting up the classroom, arranging my desks, and organizing my reading nook. I was a third-grade teacher filled with excitement, anxiety, joy, and uncertainty. Needless to say, my emotions were all over the place. For context, my grade was a testing grade, and this was the first year that the state decided that it was a great idea to use the state’s standardized test scores as the sole indicator that determined their fate of progressing to the next grade. No pressure! My teacher preparation program didn’t prepare me for this internal tug of fostering a love of learning while weaving in hours of test prep sessions. My school went all out. We bought the latest and most comprehensive test prep booklets for all subjects. We were winning. Right? Well, it depends on who defines winning. My students’ smiles and motivation began to decline, and their learning experience was minimized to their performance in the test booklet at the end of each lesson. At that time, I remembered  Life Lesson #1: If learning doesn’t apply to students’ world, it becomes a compliance experience that stays within the building walls.

In my twenty-plus years of experience in education, I have noticed a strong dependency on quantitative (standardized tests, unit assessments, benchmarks, etc.) and less of an emphasis on qualitative data (informal observation, student discussions, journaling, etc.). All too often, I have visited weekly data meetings that prioritize students’ quantitative performance, leading to their qualitative performance struggling to make it into the data meeting discussion. To see the full picture, we must have a healthy balance of various data points to support students’ overall growth as learners. 

Let’s return to the story that I shared earlier about my students. After the realization that student motivation was being negatively impacted, I revisited the next lesson, Life Lesson #2: Resources mean nothing if the adults aren’t willing to adjust and modify to meet students’ needs and help them reach their goals. As a classroom teacher, I needed to keep the big picture in mind. At the end of the day, I wanted my students to have agency and own their learning journey. I thought of various ways a resource could be used in whole group, small group, and individually. I used two tools from my book, The Right Tools, to help me with my next steps. First, I used the Resource Inventory Checklist. For me to fully support my learners, I needed to know all the materials and resources I had at my fingertips and be ok with changing the purpose of its usage.

(Harris, 2019)

What helped to breathe life back into my classroom? The next step was to invite the students into the conversation. To invite students into the discussion, I used the next tool, the Goal Setting: Tracking Achievements form. I remember our weekly class meetings that took place after lunch and recess. One Friday, upon our return to class, I motioned for everyone to make their way to the carpet. I was honest with them and let them know that the skill and drill method for test prep didn’t provide the full realm of their learning journey, limiting my responsiveness as a teacher. I paused and then asked them the following questions: 

1. Why do goals matter?

2. What motivations help you achieve your goal?

3. What tools do you need to be successful?

(Harris, 2019)

In my book, I discuss the value of using assessment responsibly and share strategies to invite students into the data conversation. Once I began having these types of conversations with my students, I noticed an improvement in their agency and how it could support their personal learning journey. Using the goal tracker helped them to reflect and identify areas of growth and celebrate their accomplishments. Over the weeks, I noticed that students’ confidence improved, and I got more clarity around my role as their teacher.  These goal-setting discussions prioritized the students and their needs. It also welcomed the conversation about multiple measures of success to set, modify, or change.

Think about ways that these strategies or approaches can support learners within your school or classroom. As an educator, on your journey to improve students’ agency, consider these key components that create opportunities for you to values all aspects of a student’s life.

Think about…Try this…
Student check-insMeet with 2-3 students a day, to check on their progress as a learner. Allow them to lead the conversation and ask them how you can support them. This will build confidence, trust, and strengthen agency.
Student Support Team meetingsBring students’ goal setting sheets to grade level team, student support, or IEP meetings. This data can be used as an additional data point that is student-driven.
Family ConferencesAlways brainstorm ways to encourage students to identify ways their families or communities can help them accomplish their learning goals. Encourage collaboration and let families and communities know that their input is valuable.

Reference:

Harris, T. (2019). The Right Tools: A Guide to Selecting, Evaluating, and Implementing Classroom Resources and Practices. Portsmouth: Heinemann.

Dr. Towanda Harris has been a teacher, instructional coach, and staff developer. Currently a national speaker and Assistant Professor at Clark Atlanta University in Atlanta, Georgia, she brings over twenty years of experience to the education world. Towanda is the author of The Right Tools: A Guide to Selecting, Evaluating, and Implementing Classroom Resources and Practices. Towanda’s work offers tools and guidance that help educators lay out a path to make informed decisions about resources and equitable practices that support all learners and strengthen agency. Learn more about Dr. Harris on her website: TowandaHarris.com or on Instagram @HarrisInnovationcg.

Top 5 Blog Posts of 2024

By Hollyanna Bates, Blog Facilitator

Since 2019, CCIRA has supported educators through our professional blog. Each year there are favorites that are shared on social media and in professional settings. We are grateful for each post that is written by our network of literacy experts, national speakers and professional book authors and teachers.

Each year our blog gains more followers and becomes an even stronger voice for literacy teaching and learning. The posts this year have been some of the best. Below you will find the Top 5 Blog Posts of 2024, listed by order of popularity. We hope you will bookmark this post and come back to these gems when you need inspiration or another lens for reflection.

1. Scrape the Mud Off and Hike On by Katie and Maria Walther

2. Conversation with John Schu with Patrick Allen and John Schu

3. A Portal to Poetry and Wonder by Georgia Heard

4. Should We Use AI to Generate Mentor Texts? by Carl Anderson and Matt Glover

5. Nourishing Caregiver Collaborations: Families Know by Nawal Qarooni

From Read-Alouds to Writing Instruction

by Travis Leech and Whitney La Rocca

The Potential of Read-Alouds

A well-chosen read-aloud can be the lifeblood of a language arts classroom. Teachers can do some heavy lifting in an efficient time frame to ground students in content and prime the pump for instruction. Read-alouds could be reading the entire book to your class. But it doesn’t have to be. We can also read a chapter, a section, or even a page aloud. The important thing is that we use the text as a connection point to both listening comprehension skills and language comprehension as we model how the text is supposed to sound when read aloud. Molly Ness explains this beautifully in her book, Read Alouds for All Learners (Solution Tree, 2023):

“Before students are fluent, independent readers, listening to an expert reader is the most efficient way to build the knowledge and vocabulary that are crucial to reading comprehension. It’s been found that children’s listening comprehension exceeds their reading comprehension through about age 13 on average. That means they can take in more sophisticated concepts and vocabulary through listening than through their own reading.”

We feel that it’s important to interact with the text, modeling the thinking that we do as readers during reading and invite our students to do some thinking with it as well. It’s not enough to just simply read it aloud.

With this being said, we’ve also found potential in using this experience as a jumping off point into other literacy instruction. We’d love to share with you some of the golden nuggets we’ve unearthed, so that you can put them into practice in your own classrooms. We’re going to discuss how we would extract all the amazing potential from a read-aloud we’ve recently done for the book Bugged: How Insects Changed History, by Sarah Albee, a book that highlights important historical connections between insects and humans, both good and bad.

Beyond the Read-Aloud: Grammar Instruction

Now that the text is familiar to students, we can leverage our time and instruction by using the text to teach craft moves through a grammar and conventions lens. For example, we may share this sentence with our students as an entry point into teaching how writers provide additional information with use of parentheses: 

At some point in its life cycle, an insect has three parts to its body (head, thorax, abdomen) and six jointed legs. 

Using the invitation process from our Patterns of Power series, we begin by asking our students what they notice about the author’s choices in this sentence. Through conversations with partners and then the whole group, students share their thoughts. They may discuss the punctuation such as the commas, or they may share the information the author is providing. No matter what they notice, we honor and name it, discussing why Albee chose to do what she did. There is a strong possibility that the writers will, in fact, notice the parentheses, especially since it’s not something they see in every sentence, therefore sticking out even more for them. We discuss the purpose of the parentheses, why Albee chose to use them and analyze information inside of them. Through this discourse, we discover that one way writers can add additional information is through the use of parentheses. 

We may share or create a focus phrase together that can be posted in our classroom and orally repeated often to act as an anchor for our students as they add this move to their toolboxes: “I use parentheses to add information efficiently.”

To deepen the awareness and understanding of this craft move, we can then find or create another example where parentheses are used in the same way and invite our students to compare and contrast this new example with the sentence from our mentor, Sarah Albee. 

After this discussion, we give our students a chance to write their own through imitation, beginning with the class writing one together and then writers composing one independently. They may or may not choose to begin their sentence with the opener, At some point…

Below are two examples students wrote independently.

At some point in my day, I have to do chores (clean my room, make my bed, take out the trash) before I get screen time. 

My dogs (Millie, Kimber, Ginger) love to go on walks.

We take a moment to share and celebrate their imitations as this makes them feel confident enough to continue to use this move as needed in other writing they do throughout their day and year. For example, one class was writing research reports, and this child chose to add additional information for their reader about gorillas:

Because we started with a text that was familiar to students, our writers are now able to read text as writers and use some of the moves they discover in their own writing. 

Beyond the Read-Aloud: Revision Instruction

Another element of writing instruction we can extract from this text post-read aloud is bolstering revision skills through sentence combining. Using a process from our series Patterns of Revision, here is an overview of a revision lesson connected to this text.

First, we would extract a short chunk of text from the read-aloud, preferably one that includes complex ideas mashed up together (like a compound sentence, a list of ideas, appositives renaming a noun, or compound subjects or predicates). Here’s one sentence with potential from Bugged: 

Eight-legged spiders, ticks, and mites are not insects.

We like this sentence because there are multiple ideas being organized together into one sentence. Our work behind the scenes would then be to pull apart these ideas into separate, stand alone sentences:

Eight-legged spiders are not insects.

Ticks are not insects.

Mites are not insects.

After we’ve selected a sentence and separated out the ideas into their own stand alone sentences, we can bring these sentences back to our students to facilitate discussion about combining these ideas together. This is how the process would break down, using the acronym DRAFT:

  1. We’d display the sentences for students and read them aloud.
  2. We would discuss any repeated information students see being presented to decide what we could DELETE, allowing us to combine what is left.
  3. Students would prompt us to do work in the moment to combine the ideas:

Eight-legged spiders are not insects.

Ticks are not insects.

Mites are not insects.

  1. To combine what is left, we would consider how we could REARRANGE the words left over, what other words and punctuation we might ADD, and if we could do anything to FORM new verbs. Students TALK it out as they create a newly combined sentence.
  2. Students might suggest something close to the author’s original when combining the ideas together. After we complete the sentence-combining work collaboratively as a class, we compare our work to the author’s original, reflect on any similarities or difference between our combination and the author’s, and discuss how this exercise could help us in our own writing.
  3. We might then go back into a draft of writing we’ve previously created and try looking for ways we could combine our sentences or ideas in a similar way we did so with Sarah Albee’s work.

Concluding Thoughts

Studying grammar and supporting revision are two of the many lenses we could use to revisit part of the text we used for our whole-class read-aloud. We could follow a similar process of illuminating things like figurative language or text structure in a similar manner: by revisiting a manageable chunk of text, displaying that text for students, and asking them to discuss what they notice the author doing in this portion of the text.

We believe it is through this small shift in instruction, offering space for students to observe and discuss what they notice the author does in their work, that we are building students’ cognitive structures for learning. This shift will support them in strengthening this line of inquisitive thinking and observation in their future work as readers and writers in our classroom…and beyond it!

Whitney La Rocca has been a teacher, a literacy coach, and a consultant, working with children and teachers across grade levels, schools, and districts. With a deep knowledge of content, standards, and best practices, Whitney enjoys delivering professional development and coaching teachers to support children as they develop their identities in the world of literacy.

Travis Leech is a middle school instructional coach in Northside Independent School District in San Antonio, TX. He has thirteen years of experience in education, including teaching middle school English Language Arts and as a gifted and talented specialist. He has presented about engaging literacy practices and technology integration at the district, regional, and state levels.

Building Novel Connections: How to Center Book Clubs in Today’s Literacy Classrooms

By Dr. Sarah Valter

Almost two years ago, another mom from my children’s school posted a simple question on Facebook: “Thinking about starting a book club. Anyone interested?”

It took approximately two seconds for me to reply with a (likely overeager) “ME!” And I wasn’t alone. By the next day, almost a dozen of us moms–most of us merely acquaintances who gave a polite nod to each other at school parties and social events–were on board. And thus, a book club was born. Since then, our little group has bonded over books about amazing women in historical fiction, unreliable narrators in suspense novels, and too-good-to-be-true love stories.

Why were we all so drawn to be in a book club together?

It wasn’t because we needed a push to read; each of us is a bookworm with a strong reading identity.


It wasn’t because we wanted to write about a book; we each have our own style of recording and reflecting on our reading.

And it wasn’t because we needed an excuse to gather; we all have friendships and social lives both in and out of this group.

It was because a book club was a space for us to grow together through our shared experiences with books. We could explore characters and relationships and the truths that run through our real lives and are reflected in the books we share.

As a former fourth- and fifth-grade teacher, then instructional coach, and now a literacy coordinator, I’ve been watching students navigate their way through book clubs for years. It’s often messy and unpredictable. It rarely goes well the first time (or even the second or the third). Some students struggle to keep up, while others have a difficult time not reading ahead for spoilers. 

As I’ve seen an increase over the past few years in resources that teach reading skills through shorter excerpts of books, it’s affirmed my belief that it’s more important than ever for kids to have the opportunity to meet, discuss, and learn in book clubs. Like adults, kids thrive on the connections that are built through books. 

It’s also critically important that we set students up for success. With limited time, a significant amount of material and standards to teach, and kids with a broad spectrum of needs, it’s essential to set students up with the skills and conditions for successful book clubs. To do that, we need to be clear and intentional in several areas:

  • Focus on what kids need to practice. Our days are filled with opportunities for students to refine their comprehension skills, write about reading, decode multisyllabic words, and learn new vocabulary. These are all certainly things kids can do–in small doses–in book clubs, but what is the true purpose of book clubs? When we set kids up to read and discuss a text, we are extending an invitation for them to construct knowledge in the most social of ways. We want them to come to the table with one idea about a character or plot twist and walk away with a deeper understanding or a shift in their thinking. Book clubs are the place for kids to practice talking about books in ways that push their thinking and engage them in healthy and respectful discourse with peers. All other skills should be secondary to this focus.
  • Teach conversational skills. We don’t expect kids to be natural writers or readers. Similarly, though we know they know how to talk and usually have plenty to say, they often haven’t ever been taught how to have the type of conversation that takes place at the level of a book club. They have to know how to share ideas, support them with evidence from the text, listen to one another, take turns, clarify their thinking, and be willing to shift their ideas and be open to new ones. All of these are skills we can teach through modeling, coaching, and using guided practice during whole group read alouds so that kids are ready to engage in thoughtful conversations during book clubs. These skills do take practice; we also need to remind ourselves to have realistic expectations and to slowly build them over time.
  • Keep it moving. Novels aren’t meant to take two months to read. Often, we slow down the pace of a book in the hopes that all students can “keep up,” but what actually happens is that we neglect to build a sense of excitement and urgency around the novel. While being mindful of the diverse needs of kids in our classrooms and the limited amount of in-class reading time we can provide, we need to set up a schedule of discussions that moves kids in and out of novels within the span of a few weeks.
  • Consider alternatives to clubs centered around one book. In Breathing New Life into Book Clubs (2019), Sonja Cherry-Paul and Dana Johansen lay out several types of book clubs that differ from the norm, pushing teachers to think about grouping kids by genre, author, historical event, identity, goal, or even podcast. Not only have these ideas pushed me to think about grouping kids differently, but they emphasize the ways in which book clubs encourage readers to make connections that are centered around much more than events in one book.
  • Seek opportunities for choice. Many times book clubs are established based on student reading abilities, the number of copies of a book that are available, or a system of voting. While the parameters of clubs are always up to teacher discretion, it is definitely worth it to loosen the reins and be very open to student ideas and choices. Giving kids the opportunity to practice selecting a book and a group will once more position them with the power to drive their own reading decisions.
  • Make it authentic. I have seen and–I will admit–even created many book club “packets” over the years. Why? My decisions were rooted in the need for grades and accountability. However, if anyone were to tell me that I couldn’t attend my adult book club without 3 questions and a summary written down, I would quickly abandon the idea of being part of the group. To stay true to the spirit of a book club, the work (and play) should be focused around talk and sharing ideas. When students have to complete paperwork as an admission ticket to even be part of the club, something natural and authentic is lost. Instead, try having students jot down a few ideas for things they might talk about before they meet, then follow up with a few ideas or new thinking when their conversation has ended. This will allow them to capture their ideas (and share some of their thinking with you) in a way that is not just another task.

Book clubs are, at their very core, a chance for us to hook kids on the social power of books. They bring reading to life in a new way and show our youngest reader that not all readers think and feel the same way about a book. In a time where programs are continually forcing classroom instruction to focus on short excerpts of text and conversational skills are often lost through a screen, what could be more important than allowing kids to connect through a rich conversation about a good book?

References and Recommended Reads:

Cherry-Paul, S. & Johansen, D. (2019) Breathing new life into book clubs: A practical guide for teachers. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.

Kugler, S. (2023). Better book clubs: Deepening comprehension and elevating conversation. Portsmouth, NH: Stenhouse Publishers.

Sarah Valter is the district Literacy Coordinator for Lindbergh Schools in St. Louis, MO. In her two decades in education, Sarah has taught in the primary and intermediate grades, mentored new teachers, coached at the building and district levels, and led professional development in literacy. She is also an adjunct instructor at St. Louis University, working with undergraduate and graduate students. Sarah is a wife and mother, spending most evenings driving from practice to practice and weekends cheering in audiences or on the sidelines. You can follow Sarah on X at @LitCoachValter.She believes strongly that all children and adults should not only have the skills to read and write, but also the motivation to live as lifelong readers and writers.